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+<a name="Bitwise-logical-operators-1"></a>
+<h4 class="subsection">5.1.31 Bitwise logical operators</h4>
+<a name="index-logical_002c-bitwise"></a>
+
+<p>With <samp>-fdec</samp>, GNU Fortran relaxes the type constraints on
+logical operators to allow integer operands, and performs the corresponding
+bitwise operation instead.  This flag is for compatibility only, and should be
+avoided in new code.  Consider:
+</p>
+<div class="smallexample">
+<pre class="smallexample">  INTEGER :: i, j
+  i = z'33'
+  j = z'cc'
+  print *, i .AND. j
+</pre></div>
+
+<p>In this example, compiled with <samp>-fdec</samp>, GNU Fortran will
+replace the <code>.AND.</code> operation with a call to the intrinsic
+<code><a href="IAND.html#IAND">IAND</a></code> function, yielding the bitwise-and of <code>i</code> and <code>j</code>.
+</p>
+<p>Note that this conversion will occur if at least one operand is of integral
+type.  As a result, a logical operand will be converted to an integer when the
+other operand is an integer in a logical operation.  In this case,
+<code>.TRUE.</code> is converted to <code>1</code> and <code>.FALSE.</code> to <code>0</code>.
+</p>
+<p>Here is the mapping of logical operator to bitwise intrinsic used with
+<samp>-fdec</samp>:
+</p>
+<table>
+<thead><tr><th width="25%">Operator</th><th width="25%">Intrinsic</th><th width="50%">Bitwise operation</th></tr></thead>
+<tr><td width="25%"><code>.NOT.</code></td><td width="25%"><code><a href="NOT.html#NOT">NOT</a></code></td><td width="50%">complement</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="25%"><code>.AND.</code></td><td width="25%"><code><a href="IAND.html#IAND">IAND</a></code></td><td width="50%">intersection</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="25%"><code>.OR.</code></td><td width="25%"><code><a href="IOR.html#IOR">IOR</a></code></td><td width="50%">union</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="25%"><code>.NEQV.</code></td><td width="25%"><code><a href="IEOR.html#IEOR">IEOR</a></code></td><td width="50%">exclusive or</td></tr>
+<tr><td width="25%"><code>.EQV.</code></td><td width="25%"><code><a href="NOT.html#NOT">NOT</a>(<a href="IEOR.html#IEOR">IEOR</a>)</code></td><td width="50%">complement of exclusive or</td></tr>
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